# Bodies and joints¶

Bodies and joints define the tree structure of the multibody systems

## Bodies¶

• They are fully defined by:
• The mass
• The position of center of mass
• The inertia matrix
• Particular points of a body can be identified using anchor points
• Each body must be connected to one and only one joint

## Joints¶

• A joint defines the relative motion between two bodies
• A joint can be attached to
• The base
• An anchor point
• An other joint

## Example: the pendulum-spring-mass system¶

REMARK:

In Robotran right handed coordinates convention is used. In this case, on the figure, positive rotations are anticlockwise

### Model data¶

The example model is composed of the following elements:

• Two bodies
• the pendulum
• Mass: 5 kg
• Inertia along axis $$\hat{I}_{2}$$: 0.1 kg.m2
• the slider
• Mass: 2 kg
• Two joints
• A revolute joint between the pendulum and the base
• A prismatic joint between the pendulum and the slider
• A linear spring-damper element
• Will be implemented as a joint force
• Stiffness: 100 N/m
• Damping: 2 Ns/m
• Free length: 0.1 m

Geometrical data is given in the figure above.

The following initial conditions are considered:

• Rotation of the pendulum: 1 rad
• Translation of the slider with respect to point A: 0.2 m

### Step 1: Draw your multibody system¶

Draw a base body:

• Click the body button
• Select a shape
• Click in the drawing area (for a rectangle: click twice: once for 1st corner and once for 2nd corner)
• In the right panel, set the z component of the gravity to 9.81m/s2

REMARK:

The shape of bodies in the 2D diagram does not influence the dynamics

Draw a R2 joint:

• Click the joint button
• Select R2
• Click in the drawing area to draw the joint
• Activate the joint properties panel by clicking on the joint
• Give a name to the joint, for instance “R2_pendulum”

REMARK:

In the R2 naming:

• “R” stands for revolute
• “2” stands for axis 2 (y-axis)

WARNING:

be careful when giving name to the elements: use only alphanumeric characters, always start with a letter (as for any variable in a program code).

Draw the pendulum body:

• Same procedure as for the base body
• Attach this body to the R2 jointSelect a shape
• Activate the body properties panel by clicking on the body
• In the right panel, give a name to the body and fill the dynamic properties
• Center of Mass coordinates in the body-fixed frame, it is aligned with the local Z axis
• Inertia matrix in the body-fixed frame, with respect to the center of mass

REMARK:

When drawing a body, you can select the joint it will be attached to by coming close to this joint (which will be highlighted).

REMARK:

For each body, there is a body-fixed frame: this frame move with the body and is fixed at the position of the parent joint. Its axis are aligned with the axis of the parent body when joint positions between the 2 bodies are set to 0.

Draw an anchor point on the pendulum body:

• Click the Anchor Point button
• Click in the drawing area on the pendulum body
• Fill the point coordinates in the right panel (coordinates in the body fixed frame, it is aligned with the local Z axis)
• This anchor will be reference point for the prismatic joint.

Complete the diagram:

• Draw a T3 joint attached to the anchor point using the same procedure as for the R2 joint
• Draw a body for the slider (Don’t forget to fill in its dynamical properties)

REMARK:

In the T3 naming:

• “T” stands for translation
• “3” stands for axis 3 (z-axis) of the pendulum fixed-frame

Set initial conditions for the joints:

• Click on the joint you want to edit
• Enter the initial value at the bottom of the right panel

REMARK:

All the data entered in MBsysPad are saved in a *.mbs file which is located in the dataR subfolder of your project. The *.mbs file uses an XML format.

### Step 2: Generate your multibody equations¶

• Click on the menu Tools > Generate Symbolic Files
• Select your programming language: C
• The language is case-sensitive;
• Several language can be generated, split them with a coma;
• The language of the template has te be included;
• Keep other options to default
• Click on the Generate button

REMARK:

If you don’t have an account you can either use demo account (usr = demo, pw = demo) or ask one at info@robotran.be

### Step 3: Write your user function¶

C section:

• Implement the spring-damper law
• Edit the user_JointForces function (located in the user_JointForces.c file from the userfctR subfolder of your project
• Write the force equations with a stifness K of 100 [N/m] and a damping C of 2 [Ns/m]
double* user_JointForces(MbsData *mbs_data, double tsim)
{
//...
// set the joint force in joint 2
int id = 2;
double K = 100;
double C = 2;
double L0 = 0.1;

mbs_data->Qq[id] = - ( K*(mbs_data->q[id]-L0) + C*mbs_data->qd[id] );
//...
}


NB :

• mbs_data->q is the joint position
• mbs_data->qd is the joint speed

REMARK:

A joint forces is a force acting along the axis of a joint. It is thus:

• a force for a prismatic joint,
• a torque for revolute joint.

Joint forces corresponds to the Qq vector in the equation of motion:

$$\begin{matrix} M(q)\ddot{q} + c(q, \dot{q}, frc, trq, g) = Q(q, \dot{q}) + J^T\lambda \\ h(q) = 0 \end{matrix}$$

Qq is the force/torque acting from the parent body to the child body. The reaction is automatically taken into account by the multibody formalism.

### Step 4: Run your simulation¶

Open the main.c file located in your workR/src folder:

• Set the end of simulation at 5 seconds : mbs_dirdyn->options->tf = 5.0;
• Check that the name of the project at the line mbs_data = mbs_load(PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR"/../dataR/...", BUILD_PATH); is the same as your .mbs file
• You have to update the name if you retrieve the file from an older project (or change the directories).

Open the CmakeLists.txt file located in your workR folder:

• Check that the name of the project at the line project (ProjectName) is the same as your .mbs file

• Set the path to your Robotran common files

• MBsyspad should have create the file with the default version of MBsysC you’ve set (see Tools > Edit preference)

• You have to update the path to MBsysC if you want to use a specific version of MBsysC, put it at this line:

set(TRIAL_PATHS_MBSYSC
\${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/PATH_TO_MBsysC/MBsysC/
)


#### Build an run the project¶

You first need to install CMake. More information is provided on the official CMake website. Once this is done, you can generate a project with the CMakeLists.txt file located in the workR folder.

The basic steps consists in :

• Create a build directory in the /workR/ folder
• Compile the project
• Run the file

This can be done using a Unix Terminal (Linux, Mac OS) or trough a Gui interface (Windows, Linux, Mac OS).

##### Compiling in terminal (Unix, MacOS)¶

These are the command lines on a Unix Terminal (on Mac OS, the Terminal is located in the Applications/Utilities folder):

cd workR               # go in workR folder
mkdir build            # create a folder named build
cd build
cmake ..               # generate a Makefile
make                   # build the projects
./exe_PendulumSpring   # run the project

##### Compiling with the CMake Gui interface (Windows, Unix, MacOS)¶

To use the CMake Gui interface, you first need to run the corresponding application (look for CMake in your applications). Then, click on Browse Source… and select the location of the main CMakeLists.txt file, i.e. your workR folder. Click on Browse Build… and select an empty folder where the binaries will be automatically created. This can be inside your project (inside the workR/build folder in the Unix Terminal example above) or anywhere on your computer, like on Desktop/build, as you can see in the next illustration.

Click on the Configure button and select the type of generator (IDE…) you want to use. Pay attention to use a 64 bit configuration if your OS is 64 bit (same thing for 32 bit).

The configuration panel will appear. Red does not mean that something went wrong. Check the lines below the Configure button to check if all libraries were found. Otherwise, look at the Installation tutorial. Symbolic … not found, linking to void function is not an error, it means that this function was not generated because you do not use it in your project.

You can change some options like selecting the Real-time featues in the next figure. You then need to press again the Configure button.

Finally, click on the Generate button. Your project will be created inside the build folder you specified. In this folder, you can click on the project to launch it (projectRobotran as a Visual Studio project in the following example).

If you use Visual Studio on Windows (recommended), right click on exe_projectRobotran and select Set as StartUp project. You can then choose between Debug and Release before compiling.

To launch the project, go in DEBUG and launch Start Debugging (for Debug mode) or Start Without Debugging (for Release mode). You can also go inside your build folder (folder you configured in CMake for the binaries) and launch the executable exe_projectRobotran in the Debug folder (for Debug version) or the one in the Release folder (for Release version). Finally, to launch the Debug version, you can also click on Local Windows Debugger.

Importantly, to run the Debug version, you might have to remove the Java visualization features (part of the real-time features). This can be done in userfctR/realtime/user_realtime_options.c with the line options->flag_visu = 0;.

### Step 5: Animate your 3D MBS¶

#### Draw your MBS system in 3D¶

You can customize the 3D view of your system as follows:

• Click on the Design 3D model button
• Activate the body you want to edit
• Click on the body in the 2D view
• Or go to the 3D view and, in the right panel, use the drop down menu of the Comp tab
• Add a shape and edit its properties
• The shape inline allow to add a 3D part exported from CAD software. The part must be saved in the VRML format (extension *.wrl). Only VRML 2.0 or VRML 97 are supported (not VRML 1.0).
• Use the ViewPt to add registered viewpoint
• Use the Light tab to add lights to the scene

REMARK:

Attaching a viewpoint or a light to a joint will make them follow the motion when animating the model.

You can view a 3D animation of the system using MBSysPad as follows:

• Click on the Animate 3D model button
• Click on the Open button
• Select the *.anim file located in the animationR subfolder of your project
• Use the control buttons to run the animation

REMARK:

Navigating in the 3D view:

• Rotation : Mouse motion + left button
• Zoom : Mouse motion + middle button (OR ALT + mouse motion + single button)
• Translation : Mouse motion + right button

### Check the results¶

Plot the graph of the joint position (results ares avilaible in resultsR/ folder) and check your results with the following graph.